The Automatic Cloud and Pour Point Analyzer is a state of the art piece of equipment for measuring cloud point by Optical Detection and pour point with the Automatic Tilt Method. The Cloud Point is an index of the lowest temperature of a petroleum product or a biodiesel fuels utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters used in some fuel systems. The Pour Point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, such as pour point can be critical for the correct operation of…
The K24870 Microscale Vapor Pressure Analyzer is a top-of-the-line solution for determining the vapor pressure of air-containing, volatile, liquid petroleum products, including automotive spark-ignition fuels with or without oxygenates. The design of the analyzer is based on the Triple-Expansion Principle for vapor pressure determination. The sample of known volume is injected into a temperature-controlled measuring chamber with a piston, which is then sealed. The volume of the sample is expanded in three steps and the total pressure after every expansion step is measured to calculate the vapor pressure of the sample. The K24870 Microscale Vapor Pressure Analyzer conforms to ASTM…
The Koehler K24880 Microscale Continuously Closed Cup Flash Point Analyzer is a top-of-the-line solution for determining the flash point of fuel oils, lube oils, solvents, and other liquids. Flash point is an important indicator for evaluating a material’s combustion tendency, as well as for transport and safety regulations. This analyzer is fully automatic, providing automatic determination of flash points and corrections for ambient atmospheric pressure. With a small sample size requirement of just 1 mL or 2 mL, the Koehler K24880 Microscale Continuously Closed Cup Flash Point Analyzer demands less sample, resulting in lower test costs and less pollution. Its…
Description Specification Description RIGAKU Online Sulfur Analysis:Advanced X-ray Transmission (XRT) Sulfur Gauge—for Crude Oil, Marine Bunker Fuel and Blending OperationsRigaku’s NEX XT is the next generation process gauge for high-level sulfur measurement (0.02% to 6% S) of crude, bunker fuel, fuel oils, and other highly viscous hydrocarbons. On-Line Sulfur GaugeThis versatile, compact and robust X-ray Transmission (XRT) process gauge is specifically optimized for the sulfur analysis needs of refineries, pipelines, blending operations, bunkering terminals and other storage facilities. Applications for the NEX XT include bunker fuel blending to meet MARPOL Annex VI sulfur restrictions, interface detection of different grade fuels…
The multi EA® 5000 is extremely versatile: The determination of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine is only a small part of what it can do. TOC, EOX or AOX/TOX analyses are further areas easily covered by the multi EA® 5000. This makes it a universal talent to be used in various fields. • Application diversity – one analyzer for solid, paste-like, fluid, gaseous and LPG samples • C, N, S and Cl determination in one instrument • Multi-matrix sampler, for fully-automated determination of solid and fluid samples in vertical or horizontal furnace configuration • • Extended measuring range with low…
The Q6000 Fuel Dilution Meter (FDM) is a portable fuel dilution meter that can be used in the laboratory or in the field to provide rapid and accurate measurements of fuel contamination in engine oil. The Q6000 was designed with a patent-protected sampling method using an innovative ‘fang’ design. The sampling occurs using a headspace system with repeatability of <+5 percent RSD up to 15 percent fuel content. The headspace vapour sampling approach also eliminates the need to heat fuel-laden samples and does not require the use of solvents. Fuel dilution in lubrication oil can cause serious engine damage. For…
The Parr Model 6200 Isoperibol Calorimeter represents the current development of the traditional removable bomb and bucket calorimeter. This model is suitable for those who require a high degree of precision and a reasonable anticipated workload but without the automation associated with the 6400 model. It is recommended for use with: • waste• fuel• coal• oil purposes• propellants• explosives• food samples for nutritional data• small scale samples (micro conversion kit required) It is deal for university research and for those working to ASTM or BS standards. You can also visit the Parr website for more product details by clicking on…
The Parr Model 6400 Automatic Isoperibol Calorimeter offers the world’s most automated calorimeter featuring the fixed bomb and bucket design. It is the calorimeter of choice for high throughput contract laboratories. This calorimeter builds on ten years experience gained with its predecessor 1281 and 6300 models. This 6400 is suitable for those who require a high precision instrument and a high anticipated workload of up to 7 tests per hour. It is recommended for use with: • waste• fuel• coal• oil purposes• propellants• explosives• food samples for nutritional data• small scale samples (micro conversion kit required) It is deal for…
Latest Applications SciMed Applications Testing the quality of biodiesel What is biodiesel? Biodiesel represents a popular, renewable alternative to traditional petroleum-derived fuels. Its carbon neutral footprint, sustainability and economic viability have brought it sharply into consideration as a substitute and supplement for middle distillate fuels. Biodiesel is synthesised by transesterification of triglycerides into mono-alkylated, fatty esters and glycerine. Why is biodiesel quality control testing important? In the early 2000s, insufficient regulation on biodiesel production led to multiple mechanical issues, such as engine clogging. As biodiesel is less stable than petrodiesel, it is more vulnerable to oxidation. The products of this…
Latest Applications SciMed Applications RIGAKU – WD-XRF Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry – WD-XRF. RIGAKU offers a selection of WD-XRF solutions which comply with ASTM D2622. A full application note is available on request demonstration the performance of the Micro Z-ULS, the Supermini 200 and the ZSX Primus range. These application note demonstrates quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum products according to ASTM D2622-16 on Rigaku ZSX Primus, a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer. The equipment specified for Test Method D2622 is restricted to WD-XRF and does not include ED-XRF…
Radioactive materials science requires handling of hazardous substances (fuels, wastes, reactive gases, etc) under safe conditions for the operators and characterisation instruments. In a lot of cases, these materials need to be handled in glove boxes or in hot cells (lead chamber) depending on the radiations types and intensities. Thermal analysis and calorimetry are common thermal characterization techniques for nuclear fuels (current or candidates), wastes, and surrounding materials (e.g. cladding). It means that the instruments concerned must be customised to become compatible with these specific operating conditions.
The study of fossil fuels by thermal analysis can yield valuable information. For example thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used for proximate analysis of coal.
Recent developments in ultra low sulfur (ULS) fuel have improved fuel efficiency and created cleaner exhaust gases. Globally, the permitted sulfur limit in fuel oils has been decreased to 10ppm in many countries and regions. For compliance verification, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is the definitive analysis tool for use at distribution terminal and refineries, as well as mobile or stationary testing laboratories. In recent years, there has been an increasing need for an instrument which does not require the use of helium gas, for instances, when acquisition or delivery of helium to the analysis site is difficult. The Micro-Z ULS…
Sulfur in petroleum-based fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution. Sulfur content in fuels, especially in automobile fuels, is strictly controlled and regulations of sulfur content in fuel oil, such as diesel fuel and gasoline, have been tightened. Therefore, control of sulfur content is very important in refineries. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used for quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum-based fuels, owing to simple sample preparation. In XRF analysis of fuel oil, the sample is simply poured into a plastic cup equipped with a transparent film without any complicated treatment, such as chemical decomposition or serial dilution. In addition, concentration…
Crude oil contains sulfur in concentration from 0.5 mass% to 5.0 mass% typically, and sulfur is one of critical elements in refinery processes and final products. Sulfur in petroleum-based fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution; therefore, sulfur content in fuels, especially in automobile fuels, is strictly controlled. Sulfur also causes damage to process components such as catalysts in refinery processes. Therefore, control of sulfur content is very important in the petroleum industry from the standpoints of both environmental and production costs. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used for quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum products, owing to simple sample preparation….
Coal is the most abundant source of energy amongst the remaining fossil fuels in the world. Coal production is classified into two groups based on its usage. Thermal (steam) coal is used for generation of electricity, whereas metallurgical (coking) coal is mainly used for production of steel. Coal beneficiation (coal cleaning) is critical since it determines the quality of final product. Rapid and accurate elemental determination is therefore important in order to assure that harmful components to the environment such as ash and sulfur are sufficiently low. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry with pressed powder method is a simple analysis technique…
Recycling has become a term that cannot be ignored in the industrial world. Recycling is roughly classified into (1) “re-use”, utilizing something again for the same purpose, (2) “material recycling”, returning something into the original material for subsequent use, (3) “chemical recycling”, changing something into another material for subsequent use, and (4) “thermal recycling”, using something for thermal energy. New technologies utilizing fly ash of urban refuse as cement material (chemical recycling) and converting urban refuse into solid fuel (thermal recycling) have attracted a lot of attention. In X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, it is possible to perform qualitative and quantitative…
Crude oil contains sulfur in concentration from 0.5 mass% to 5.0 mass% typically, and control of the level of sulfur in refinery intermediates and final products is critical in a refinery. Sulfur in petroleum-based fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution; therefore, sulfur content in fuels, especially in automobile fuels, is strictly controlled. Sulfur also causes damage to facilities such as catalysts in refinery processes. Therefore, control of sulfur content is very important in the petroleum industry from the standpoints of both environment and production cost. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used for quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum products, owing…
Crude oil is raw material for petroleum products and contains sulfur in concentration from 0.5 mass% to 5.0 mass% typically. Residual fuel oil and high-sulfur diesel fuel are mainly used for boilers and burners, agricultural machines, and long-distance mass transportation means, such as vessels and diesel locomotives of rail road, equipped with large engines. Sulfur compounds in petroleum cause various harmful influences such as air pollution, metal corrosion and catalyst degradation. Therefore, sulfur concentration of crude oil and high-sulfur fuels is monitored or controlled in refinery and production processes in the petroleum industry. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used…
Ash consists of the metal oxides and heavier elements that remain after combustion removes the organic, gaseous and volatile components. Coal quality and pricing in part depends on sulfur, chlorine and ash content of the coal, and these parameters also indicate the origin and type of coal as well as combustion properties in the furnace, kiln or boiler. EDXRF offers a fast and simple low cost method of measuring the sulfur and chlorine content and predicting the % ash content, without the need for radioisotopes or long combustion analytical methods. To demonstrate repeatability, five calibration standards were selected to show…
XRF is the most common method for testing waste oils, processed fuel oils and recycled fuel oil. It complies with methods such IP 503, IP 593 and IP 336. All heavy metals, toxic metal and transition metals derived form the wear of engines and other machinery can be tested
Water-methanol-oil mixtures in varying compositions are used as additive in internal combustion engines. Here, water injection, also known as anti-detonant injection systems (ADI), is used to spray water or a water/methanol mixture into the fuel/air mixture in order to cool the introduction system avoiding premature ignition of the fuel. This leads to improved behavior in terms of engine knocking and compression ratio in engines of aircrafts and racing cars. Results are increased power and fuel efficiency, improved power output for short duration such as increase of thrust of jets during takeoff, and reduction of NOX and CO emissions by decreased…
Nuclear power plants are an important and efficient source of electrical energy, supplying over 12% of the world’s electricity. Many modern plants use a pressurized water reactor (PWR) due to their improved safety and self-regulating capability. The reactor coolant plays a very important role in the process. In a PWR, the primary coolant (water) is pumped under high pressure to the reactor core where it is heated by the energy generated by the fission of atoms. The higher water pressure enables more heat to be carried from the reactor and the heated, radioactive water then flows to a steam generator…
Water within power plants, and particularly boiler feed water, is subject to strict analytical control. Organic impurities in the boiler feed water can easily oxidize under high pressure and high temperatures and may lead to the formation of corrosive organic acids and carbonic acid. State-of-the-art feed water production therefore uses reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration membranes and ion exchangers to reduce and control the corrosion potential of the final feed water. The condensate return has to be checked for TOC levels as well to monitor for contamination, for example contamination caused by leakages in the steam pipes or heat exchangers. In…
The biofuel industry is brought into the 21st Centruy with the use of ultrasond to replace the rate limiting step of mixing the alcohol and oil source with a catalyst and can dramatically reduce the settlng out time to just a couple of hours and hugely reduce the waste or raw materials all with an increased yield.
ultrasound is one of the cleanest, cheapest and most efficient ways to make emulsions. Oils and water can readily be mixed readily and typically the neccessity of emulsification agents can be reduced or removed all together. This is becoming particularly importnat in the fuel emulsification industry in the quest for cleaner fuels
Calorific value determination of coal, coke and oil sources for power generation. Any powerstation that is burning coal, coke, oil, or SRD and RDF must know it’s energy value for deterining power generation. Parr calorimeters are a crucial tool for every day use for the analysis labs associated with power generation.
Calorimeters are a crucial tool in the manufacture and burning of RDF and SRF fuel. The total energy content of the fuel is key to its value and power generation abilities when burned and the Parr range of calorimeters can determine this CV waste
AOX (AOX – absorbable organically bound halogens) is an analytical convention which represents the sum of all organically bound halogens (except fluorine), mainly used in water and waste water analysis. Solid samples like sludge or sediments can also contain AOX. The solid AOX however has to be determined by the batch method which is not part of this application. The compounds containing halogens are adsorbed onto the surface of activated carbon (charcoal) in dissolved or suspended form. The activated carbon is washed afterwards with aqueous nitrate washing solution to remove inorganic halides. During the combustion of the loaded charcoal in…
New methods for the production of alternative fuels are a growing field of interest. Technologies based on fermentation of starch and sugar, and the transesterification or hydrocracking of plant and animal oil, delivering so-called first generation biofuels, are already well established but linked to limited resources for ethical and ecological reasons. Another promising approach consists of processes based on the conversion of cellulose-rich biomass and waste (second generation biofuels). With the use of biogenic materials for fuel production, the inherently high amount of harmful nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine-containing hydrocarbons that results has to be monitored. Therefore, a strict monitoring of…
The determination of total sulfur (TS) by means of combustion-coupled UVfluorescence detection is an integral part of the daily routine in the process and quality control of refineries, derived fuels production, and many other labs dealing with control and legal limit checking of fuels and related matrices. This is to avoid undesirable effects such as catalyst poisoning, corrosion of installation parts, low product quality, or exceeding legal limits.
Total Nitrogen Determination in Bio-based Fuels According to ASTM D4629 – Standard Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection The production of alternative fuels becomes increasingly popular, as they provide a way to respond to both, the growing demand for energy and the goal to reduce carbon emissions. In addition to technologies based on the fermentation of starch and sugar, and the transesterification or hydrocracking of plant and animal oil (first generation biofuels), processes based on the conversion of cellulose-rich biomass and waste appear to be promising (second generation biofuels). With the…
Diesel is a mixture of various hydrocarbons that is produced during the fractionated distillation of crude oil. Its boiling interval is in the range of 150 to 390° C. Diesel is used mainly as fuel for automobiles. It can contain traces of organically bound chlorine, sulfur and nitrogen originating either from natural sources or from additives. During combustion of the fuel, these compounds form environmental pollutants. As these pollutants are hazardous to the human health and the environment, their content (N, S, Cl) should be kept as small as possible. To ensure the product quality and adhere to legal limit…
During the production of motor fuels by hydration of coal or vegetable oil, as well as during the production of traditional fuels based on mineral oil with biodiesel addition, end products with affected ignition characteristics can occur. In this case special additives — generally known as cetane improver — are used to enhance the ignitability (cetane number). Nitrogen compounds have proven to be especially suitable and cost efficient, such as amyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrite, triethylene glycol dinitrate, or 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN). Besides the positive effect on the ignition characteristics these substances also lead to increased nitrogen content in the final…
For evaluation of the lubricity of diesel fuels using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). A 2-mL test specimen of fuel is placed in the test reservoir and maintained at 25 or 60°C. When the temperature has stabilized, a vibrator arm holding a non-rotating steel ball and loaded with a 200-g mass is lowered until it contacts a test disk completely submerged in the fuel. The ball is caused to rub against the disk with a 1-mm stroke at a frequency of 50 Hz for 75 min. The ball is removed from the vibrator arm and cleaned. The dimensions of the…
The Copper Strip Tarnish Test assesses the relative degree of corrosivity of petroleum products, including aviation fuels, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, solvents, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil and other products. A polished copper strip is immersed in 30mL of sample at elevated temperature. After the test period, the strip is examined for evidence of corrosion and a classification number from 1-4 is assigned based on a comparison with the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards. For aviation fuels and natural gasoline the sample tube is placed inside a stainless steel pressure vessel during testing.
Determines the filterability of Diesel fuels and Biodiesel blend fuels in some automotive equipment at low temperatures. The Low Temperature Flow Test results are indicative of the low temperature flow performance of the test fuel in some diesel vehicles. The test method is especially useful for the evaluation of fuels containing flow improver additives in a range of +10°C to -30°C.
Determines the highest temperature at which a given volume of diesel, biodiesel or heating fuel fails to pass through a standardized wire mesh filtration device in a specified time when cooled under specified conditions. The Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) of a fuel is suitable for estimating the lowest temperature at which a fuel will give trouble-free flow in certain fuel systems.
Cold Filter Plugging Point of Distillate Fuels Determines the highest temperature at which a given volume of diesel, biodiesel or heating fuel fails to pass through a standardized wire mesh filtration device in a specified time when cooled under specified conditions. The Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) of a fuel is suitable for estimating the lowest temperature at which a fuel will give trouble-free flow in certain fuel systems.
Tests the corrosiveness of aviation turbine fuels towards silver. A polished silver strip is immersed in a fuel sample at elevated temperature. After a specified test period, the strip is removed from the sample, washed and evaluated for corrosion.
Determines the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline. The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest temperature at which the fuel remains free of solid hydrocarbon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through filters if present in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the aircraft tank normally decreases during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational fuel temperature.
Smoke point is an indicator of the combustion qualities of aviation turbine fuels and kerosene. The fuel sample is burned in the Smoke Point Lamp, and the maximum flame height obtainable without smoking is measured.
Detects the formation of wax crystals in burner fuels, diesel fuels and turbine engine
The Copper Strip Tarnish Test assesses the relative degree of corrosively of petroleum products, including aviation fuels, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, solvents, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil and other products. A polished copper strip is immersed in 30mL of sample at elevated temperature. After the test period, the strip is examined for evidence of corrosion and a classification number from 1-4 is assigned based on a comparison with the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards. For aviation fuels and natural gasoline the sample tube is placed inside a stainless steel pressure vessel during testing
Accelerated Laboratory and Field Procedure for the determination of corrosion of iron, in the presence of water, on samples such as gasoline and gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, E10 (Specification D4814); gasolineblend components (except butane); diesel fuel and biodiesel B5, except Grade No. 4-D (Specification D975); biodiesel B6 to B20 (Specification D7467); diesel-blend component such as light cycle-oil; No.1 fuel oil, No.2 fuel oil (Specification D396); aviation turbine fuel (Specification D1655)
Gum formed during fuel storage can deposit on induction system surfaces, intake valves, stems and guides. To test for gum content, a 50mL sample is evaporated in an aluminum block bath for a specified period under controlled conditions of temperature and flow of air (aviation and motor gasolines) or steam (aircraft turbine fuel).
Used for assessing potential storage stability of middle distillate fuels, including fuels with or without stabilizer additives, and freshly refined or previously stored fuels. The sample is aged in a pressurized vessel at constant temperature for 16 hours and, after cooling, the total amount of insoluble products is determined gravimetrically.
Provides an indication of the tendency of gasoline and aviation fuels to form gum in storage. The sample is oxidized inside a stainless steel pressure vessel initially charged with oxygen at 100psi (689kPa) and heated in a boiling water bath. The amount of time required for a specified drop in pressure (gasoline) or the amount of gum and precipitate formed after a specific aging period (aviation fuels) is determined.
Determines the Filter Plugging Tendency (FPT) of distillate fuel oils where the end use demands an exceptional degree of cleanliness. This test is applicable to fuels within the viscosity range of 1.50 to 6.00 mm2/s (cSt) at 40°C. The test is not applicable to fuels that are not clear and bright because water interferes with the measurement of filter plugging. Causes of poor filterability might include fuel degradation products, contaminants picked up during storage or transfer, or interaction of the fuel with the filter media. Any of these could correlate with orifice or filter system plugging, or both.
Determines the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline. The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest temperature at which the fuel remains free of solid hydrocarbon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through filters if present in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the aircraft tank normally decreases during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational fuel temperature.