Crude oil contains sulfur in concentration from 0.5 mass% to 5.0 mass% typically, and sulfur is one of critical elements in refinery processes and final products. Sulfur in petroleum-based fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution; therefore, sulfur content in fuels, especially in automobile fuels, is strictly controlled. Sulfur also causes damage to process components such as catalysts in refinery processes. Therefore, control of sulfur content is very important in the petroleum industry from the standpoints of both environmental and production costs. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used for quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum products, owing to simple sample preparation….
Crude oil contains sulfur in concentration from 0.5 mass% to 5.0 mass% typically, and control of the level of sulfur in refinery intermediates and final products is critical in a refinery. Sulfur in petroleum-based fuels contributes to atmospheric pollution; therefore, sulfur content in fuels, especially in automobile fuels, is strictly controlled. Sulfur also causes damage to facilities such as catalysts in refinery processes. Therefore, control of sulfur content is very important in the petroleum industry from the standpoints of both environment and production cost. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has been used for quantitative analysis of sulfur in petroleum products, owing…
It is important to control the chlorine content of FCC catalyst to guard against the formation of hazardous organo-chloride compounds such as dioxins and to prevent degradation of catalytic activity. This application note documents the performance of a Rigaku ZSX Primus series spectrometer for analysis of chlorine in FCC aluminosilicate catalyst
Naptha refers to light and highly volatile oil fractions used for petrol production and as a precursor for many basic chemicals. Analysis of elemental impurities by ICP-OES is part of the quality control of naptha since Pb, P or Si, for example, can act as a poison to cracking catalysts. As and Cd are of environmental concern. Traditionally kerosene dilution and radial viewing have been used to deal with the plasma instabilities and unspecific carbon based interferences.
Contrary to their name, rare earth elements (REE) make up a substantial part of the earth’s crust where they do occur dispersed among various minerals. Today, there is a high demand for REEs as lanthanides and actinides are heavily used by the electronic industry, in catalysts and optical displays as well as for high-performance magnets and batteries. Hence, credible trace analysis routines are required for the assessment of potential mining sites, process control solutions (largely comprising of rare earth oxides, REO) and high-purity REEs. Materials containing REOs and REEs are frequently analyzed by ICP techniques. However, adverse REO formation in…
Sunflower oil is a vegetable oil that is commonly used as main component or supplement in food, such as frying oil, salad dressing, baby food, margarine, or mayonnaise. Furthermore, it is used as an additive in cosmetics, biodiesel, varnish, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. Sunflower oil is among the most widely produced vegetable oils and is obtained from the seeds of the sunflower plant. The production includes the initial oil extraction by pressing (cold or hot) and refining processes such as solvent extraction, degumming, bleaching, and dewaxing. Refining sunflower oil increases its heat stability for frying and cooking purposes but is known…
Chapter and ICH Q3D specify maximum limits for the amount of elemental impurities permitted in drug products, drug substances, active ingredients and excipients. These impurities may be present naturally, derived from the production catalysts or introduced inadvertently through the manufacturing process, or they could be environmental contaminants in the pharmaceutical raw materials. When elemental impurities have the potential to be present, compliance to the specified levels is a requirement. Here we present a simple and effective method for routine preparation and analysis of pharmaceutical material according to ICH and USP 232 and 233.
Heavy fractions, as thick as molasses, are not only difficult to transport and handle, but also require advanced strategies for the compulsory quality control. For such matrices especially the nitrogen content is of interest due to its negative effects on the refining process (e.g. by poisoning of catalysts, unwanted side products etc.). The typical boiling points of above 400 °C and relatively high nitrogen content exceeding 0.5 wt-% make the investigation of these materials non-trivial. A dilution step before analysis to decrease the extremely high nitrogen content is often applied for small improvement, but it cannot eliminate this effect. An additional…
Waste materials are becoming more and more important as valuable feed materials for energy production, as fuels and recycled feed materials for the chemical industry. To ensure a trouble-free processing and high quality of the final products, the exact elemental composition has to be determined. In addition to heavy metals, carbon, hydrogen and sulfur, chlorine plays an important role. During processing, HCl can be formed and damage system components and contaminate costly catalysts. Under nonoptimal combustion conditions Cl compounds can influence the formation of extremely toxic dioxins. It’s therefore important to know the exact Cl content of the matrix being…
Liquid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons play an important role in refinery processes, the petrochemical, chemical and polymer industry, either as raw materials, process intermediates, or as end products. Regardless of their source or their further use, they all have in common that they need to be ultrapure. This means that they have to be free of undesired compounds, as these could affect the production process and the quality of the final products. Impurities such as sulfur-containing compounds not only affect the performance and economic life of the used catalysts (catalyst poisoning), but also form unwanted by-products and thereby decrease the…
Liquid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons play an important role in refining processes, in the petrochemical, chemical and polymer industry, either as raw materials, process intermediates, or as end products. Regardless of their source or their further use, they all have in common that they need to be ultra-pure. This means that they have to be free of undesired compounds, as these could affect the production process and the quality of the final products. Impurities such as nitrogen-containing compounds not only affect the performance and economic life of catalysts used in the production process (catalyst poisoning), but also form unwanted by-products…
Oxidation stability is determined by exposing the sample to a measured oxygen flow at elevated temperature in the presence of metal catalysts.
Oxidation stability is determined by exposing the sample to a measured oxygen flow at elevated temperature in the presence of metal catalysts.
Oxidation stability is determined by exposing the sample to a measured oxygen flow at elevated temperature in the presence of metal catalysts.